What is the most effective way to direct the user to unfilled "required" form fields that are off screen after pressing submit or save on a form?

I’ve seen methods that I’ll list below, scattered across questions about fields & errors, but none of the answers seem concretely based on results as far as I could find. Is anyone aware of what a data-supported best practice might be on this?

Here are some of the methods I’ve seen mentioned previously without reference to why or when they’d be picked:

• Auto-scrolling to the top-most missing field
• Display a list of which field items are missing
• Interaction/animation on the button itself (like a shake) that gives the impression something went wrong